Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Review

The Use of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology in Patients with Thyroid Nodules in Asia: A Brief Overview of Studies from the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology: Chan Kwon Jung, SoonWon Hong, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):571-578. Published online October 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.10.19

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Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is the most widely used screening and diagnostic method for thyroid nodules. Although Western guidelines for managing thyroid nodules and the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology are widely available throughout Asia, the clinical practices in Asia vary from those of Western countries. Accordingly, the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology encouraged group members to publish their works jointly with the same topic. The articles in this special issue focused on the history of thyroid FNA, FNA performers and interpreters, training programs of cytopathologists and cytotechnicians, staining methods, the reporting system of thyroid FNA, quality assurance programs, ancillary testing, and literature review of their own country’s products. Herein, we provide a brief overview of thyroid FNA practices in China, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand.

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Virchows Archiv.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytological evaluation of thyroid nodules in children and young adults: a multi-institutional experience
Chanchal Rana, Neha Nigam, Shipra Agarwal, Prabhakar Mishra, Akanksha Singh, Andrey Bychkov
Endocrine.2023; 80(3): 580. CrossRef
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Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(6): 289. CrossRef
Core Needle Biopsy in Suspicious Malignant Thyroid Nodules with Repeated Nondiagnostic Fine Needle Aspiration
Farrokh Heidari, Firouzeh Heidari, Mohammad Sadeq Najafi, Reza Ansari, Kayvan Aghazadeh, Saeed Sohrabpour, Ebrahim Karimi
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2022; 74(S2): 2071. CrossRef
Molecular Testing for Thyroid Nodules: The Experience at McGill University Teaching Hospitals in Canada
Mohannad Rajab, Richard J. Payne, Véronique-Isabelle Forest, Marc Pusztaszeri
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Cytologic diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma in the Asia‐Pacific region
Chih‐Yi Liu, Andrey Bychkov, Shipra Agarwal, Yun Zhu, Jen‐Fan Hang, Chiung‐Ru Lai, Hee Young Na, Weiwei Li, Zhiyan Liu, Deepali Jain, Ayana Suzuki, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Noel Chia, Min En Nga, Tikamporn Jitpasutham, Somboon Keelawat, So Yeon Park, Shinya S
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2021; 49(1): 60. CrossRef
Constitutive Cytomorphologic Features of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Different Staining Methods
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Molecular Correlates and Nuclear Features of Encapsulated Follicular-Patterned Thyroid Neoplasms
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Jeongmin Lee, Hye Lim Park, Kwanhoon Jo, Min-Hee Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Sohee Lee, Chan Kwon Jung, So-Lyung Jung, Dong-Jun Lim
International Journal of Thyroidology.2021; 14(1): 18. CrossRef
Fine-needle Aspiration Washout Precipitation Specimens: An Acceptable Supplement to Genetic Mutation Detection of Thyroid Nodules
Yongmei Cui, Xiangqi Huang, Jinrui Guo, Nana Zhang, Jing Liang, Yiwang Zhang, Yueting Liao, Dan He
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Emerging Biomarkers in Thyroid Practice and Research
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Differences in surgical resection rate and risk of malignancy in thyroid cytopathology practice between Western and Asian countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Huy Gia Vuong, Hanh Thi Tuyet Ngo, Andrey Bychkov, Chan Kwon Jung, Trang Huyen Vu, Kim Bach Lu, Kennichi Kakudo, Tetsuo Kondo
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Thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology in Taiwan: a nationwide survey and literature update
Chien-Chin Chen, Jen-Fan Hang, Chih-Yi Liu, Yeh-Han Wang, Chiung-Ru Lai
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Diagnostic Pathology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features in Asian Practice: Perspectives for Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology
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Endocrine Pathology.2018; 29(3): 276. CrossRef
The History of Korean Thyroid Pathology
Soon Won Hong, Chan Kwon Jung
International Journal of Thyroidology.2018; 11(1): 15. CrossRef
The Usefulness of Immunocytochemistry of CD56 in Determining Malignancy from Indeterminate Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Hyunseo Cha, Ju Yeon Pyo, Soon Won Hong
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2018; 52(6): 404. CrossRef
Recent Advances in Core Needle Biopsy for Thyroid Nodules
Chan Kwon Jung, Jung Hwan Baek
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2017; 32(4): 407. CrossRef

Editorial

Current Practices of Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration in Asia: A Missing Voice: Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo, SoonWon Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):517-520. Published online October 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.09.27

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Differentiating BRAF V600E- and RAS-like alterations in encapsulated follicular patterned tumors through histologic features: a validation study
Chankyung Kim, Shipra Agarwal, Andrey Bychkov, Jen-Fan Hang, Agnes Stephanie Harahap, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Kennichi Kakudo, Somboon Keelawat, Chih-Yi Liu, Zhiyan Liu, Truong Phan-Xuan Nguyen, Chanchal Rana, Huy Gia Vuong, Yun Zhu, Chan Kwon Jung
Virchows Archiv.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023
Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(6): 289. CrossRef
Constitutive Cytomorphologic Features of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Different Staining Methods
Chih-Yi Liu, Chien-Chin Chen, Andrey Bychkov, Shipra Agarwal, Yun Zhu, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai, Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park, Weiwei Li, Zhiyan Liu, Deepali Jain, Ayana Suzuki, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Noel Chia, Min En Nga, Tikamporn Jitpasutham, Somboon K
Diagnostics.2021; 11(8): 1396. CrossRef
Application of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in the Pediatric Population
Huy Gia Vuong, Ayana Suzuki, Hee Young Na, Pham Van Tuyen, Doan Minh Khuy, Hiep Canh Nguyen, Tikamporn Jitpasutham, Agustina Abelardo, Takashi Amano, So Yeon Park, Chan Kwon Jung, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Ryohei Katoh, Kennichi Kakudo, Andrey Bychkov
American Journal of Clinical Pathology.2021; 155(5): 680. CrossRef
Molecular Correlates and Nuclear Features of Encapsulated Follicular-Patterned Thyroid Neoplasms
Chan Kwon Jung, Andrey Bychkov, Dong Eun Song, Jang-Hee Kim, Yun Zhu, Zhiyan Liu, Somboon Keelawat, Chiung-Ru Lai, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Kaori Kameyama, Kennichi Kakudo
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PAX8 expression in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is less than those reported in early studies: a multi-institutional study of 182 cases using the monoclonal antibody MRQ-50
Wei-An Lai, Jen-Fan Hang, Chih-Yi Liu, Yanhua Bai, Zhiyan Liu, Haiyan Gu, SoonWon Hong, Ju Yeon Pyo, Chan Kwon Jung, Kennichi Kakudo, Andrey Bychkov
Virchows Archiv.2020; 476(3): 431. CrossRef
Differences in surgical resection rate and risk of malignancy in thyroid cytopathology practice between Western and Asian countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Huy Gia Vuong, Hanh Thi Tuyet Ngo, Andrey Bychkov, Chan Kwon Jung, Trang Huyen Vu, Kim Bach Lu, Kennichi Kakudo, Tetsuo Kondo
Cancer Cytopathology.2020; 128(4): 238. CrossRef
Histopathologic Assessment of Capsular Invasion in Follicular Thyroid Neoplasms—an Observer Variation Study
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The prevalence and surgical outcomes of Hürthle cell lesions in FNAs of the thyroid: A multi‐institutional study in 6 Asian countries
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Interobserver and intraobserver variation in the morphological evaluation of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features in Asian practice
Zhiyan Liu, Andrey Bychkov, Chan Kwon Jung, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Shaofeng Sui, SoonWon Hong, Chiung‐Ru Lai, Deepali Jain, Sule Canberk, Kennichi Kakudo
Pathology International.2019; 69(4): 202. CrossRef
Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features in Asian Practice: Perspectives for Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology
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Endocrine Pathology.2018; 29(3): 276. CrossRef
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Chan Kwon Jung, Yourha Kim, Sora Jeon, Kwanhoon Jo, Sohee Lee, Ja Seong Bae
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International Journal of Thyroidology.2018; 11(1): 15. CrossRef
The Use of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology in Patients with Thyroid Nodules in Asia: A Brief Overview of Studies from the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology
Chan Kwon Jung, SoonWon Hong, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(6): 571. CrossRef

Review

Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Practice in Korea: Yoon Jin Cha, Ju Yeon Pyo, SoonWon Hong, Jae Yeon Seok, Kyung-Ju Kim, Jee-Young Han, Jeong Mo Bae, Hyeong Ju Kwon, Yeejeong Kim, Kyueng-Whan Min, Soonae Oak, Sunhee Chang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):521-527. Published online October 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.09.26

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Abstract PDF

We reviewed the current status of thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in Korea. Thyroid aspiration biopsy was first introduced in Korea in 1977. Currently, radiologists aspirate the thyroid nodule under the guidance of ultrasonography, and cytologic interpretation is only legally approved when a cytopathologist makes the diagnosis. In 2008, eight thyroid-related societies came together to form the Korean Thyroid Association. The Korean Society for Cytopathology and the endocrine pathology study group of the Korean Society for Pathologists have been updating the cytologic diagnostic guidelines. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology was first introduced in 2009, and has been used by up to 94% of institutions by 2016. The average diagnosis rates are as follows for each category: I (12.4%), II (57.9%), III (10.4%), IV (2.9%), V (3.7%), and VI (12.7%). The malignancy rates in surgical cases are as follows for each category: I (28.7%), II (27.8%), III (50.6%), IV (52.3%), V (90.7%), and VI (100.0%). Liquid-based cytology has been used since 2010, and it was utilized by 68% of institutions in 2016. The categorization of thyroid lesions into “atypia of undetermined significance” or “follicular lesion of undetermined significance” is necessary to draw consensus in our society. Immunocytochemistry for galectin-3 and BRAF is used. Additionally, a molecular test for BRAF in thyroid FNACs is actively used. Core biopsies were performed in only 44% of institutions. Even the institutions that perform core biopsies only perform them for less than 3% of all FNACs. However, only 5% of institutions performed core biopsies up to three times more than FNAC.

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Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(6): 289. CrossRef
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The Usefulness of Immunocytochemistry of CD56 in Determining Malignancy from Indeterminate Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
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Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2018; 52(6): 404. CrossRef
Thyroid FNA cytology in Asian practice—Active surveillance for indeterminate thyroid nodules reduces overtreatment of thyroid carcinomas
K. Kakudo, M. Higuchi, M. Hirokawa, S. Satoh, C. K. Jung, A. Bychkov
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The Use of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology in Patients with Thyroid Nodules in Asia: A Brief Overview of Studies from the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology
Chan Kwon Jung, SoonWon Hong, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(6): 571. CrossRef

Original Article

The Intraoperative Immunohistochemical Staining of CD56 and CK19 Improves Surgical Decision for Thyroid Follicular Lesions: Ju Yeon Pyo, Sung-eun Choi, Eunah Shin, JaSeung Koo, SoonWon Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(5):463-470. Published online August 2, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.05.25

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Abstract PDF

Background
When differential diagnosis is difficult in thyroid follicular lesions with overlapping histological features, the immunohistochemical staining can help confirm the diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rapid immunohistochemical stains of CD56 and cytokeratin 19 on frozen sections of thyroid follicular lesion and explore the possible gains and limitations of the practice. Methods: Eighty-six nodules of 79 patients whose intraoperative frozen sections were selected as the control group, and 53 nodules of 48 patients whose intraoperative frozen sections were subject to rapid immunohistochemistry were selected as the study group. Results: Five nodules (6%) in the control group were diagnosed as follicular neoplasm and six nodules (7%) were deferred. In the study group, six nodules (11%) were follicular neoplasm and none were deferred. Three nodules (4%) in the control group showed diagnostic discrepancy between the frozen and permanent diagnoses, but none in the study group. The average turnaround time for the frozen diagnosis of the control group was 24 minutes, whereas it was 54 minutes for the study group. Conclusions: Intraoperative rapid immunohistochemical stains significantly decreased the diagnostic discrepancy in this study. Considering the adverse effects of indefinite frozen diagnosis or discrepancy with permanent diagnoses, the intraoperative rapid immunohistochemical stain can help to accurately diagnose and hence provide guidance to surgical treatment.

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Editorial

History of the Official Journal Published by the Korean Society of Pathologists: From the Korean Journal of Pathology to the Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine: Se Hoon Kim, Chong Jai Kim, SoonWon Hong; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(1):1-6. Published online January 13, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.01.07

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Review

Current Issues and Clinical Evidence in Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer: Sung Gwe Ahn, Joon Jeong, SoonWon Hong, Woo Hee Jung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(5):355-363. Published online August 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.07.29

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Abstract PDF

With the advance in personalized therapeutic strategies in patients with breast cancer, there is an increasing need for biomarker-guided therapy. Although the immunogenicity of breast cancer has not been strongly considered in research or practice, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are emerging as biomarkers mediating tumor response to treatments. Earlier studies have provided evidence that the level of TILs has prognostic value and the potential for predictive value, particularly in triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive breast cancer. Moreover, the level of TILs has been associated with treatment outcome in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To date, no standardized methodology for measuring TILs has been established. In this article, we review current issues and clinical evidence for the use of TILs in breast cancer.

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Case Study

Anaplastic Transformation of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Young Man: A Case Study with Immunohistochemical and BRAF Analysis: Ji Hye Park, Hyeong Ju Kwon, Cheong Soo Park, SoonWon Hong; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(3):234-240. Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.3.234

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Abstract PDF

This study reports a case of anaplastic transformation from a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in a young patient. The first recurrent tissue contained poorly differentiated foci that revealed lower thyroglobulin, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), and galectin-3 expression than the well-differentiated area. However there was no increased p53 or Ki-67 expression in the poorly differentiated foci, nor in the well-differentiated area. The tissue subsequently relapsed and revealed only anaplastic features, complete loss of thyroglobulin, TTF-1, and galectin-3 expression and revealed an increase in p53 and Ki-67 expression. The BRAF V600E and BRAF V600V mutation were found in the initially diagnosed papillary thyroid carcinoma and the poorly differentiated foci of the recurring papillary thyroid carcinoma; however, only the BRAF V600V mutation was found in the anaplastic carcinoma. These results suggest that overexpression of p53 and Ki-67 contributed to the anaplastic transformation. We also found that the BRAF type changed during the tumor relapse.

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Original Article

Incidence and Malignancy Rates of Diagnoses in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Aspiration Cytology: An Institutional Experience: Ji Hye Park, Sun Och Yoon, Eun Ju Son, Hye Min Kim, Ji Hae Nahm, SoonWon Hong; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(2):133-139. Published online April 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.2.133

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Abstract PDF

Background

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) uses six diagnostic categories to standardize communication of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) interpretations between clinicians and cytopathologists. Since several studies have questioned the diagnostic accuracy of this system, we examined its accuracy in our hospital.

Methods

We calculated the incidences and malignancy rates of each diagnostic category in the BSRTC for 1,730 FNAs that were interpreted by four cytopathologists in Gangnam Severance Hospital between October 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011.

Results

The diagnostic incidences of categories I-VI were as follows: 13.3%, 40.6%, 9.1%, 0.4%, 19.3%, and 17.3%, respectively. Similarly, the malignancy rates of these categories were as follows: 35.3%, 5.6%, 69.0%, 50.0%, 98.7%, and 98.9%, respectively. In categories II, V, and VI, there were no statistically significant differences in the ranges of the malignancy rates among the four cytopathologists. However, there were significant differences in the ranges for categories I and III.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that institutions that use the BSRTC should regularly update their diagnostic criteria. We also propose that institutions issue an annual report of incidences and malignancy rates to help other clinicians improve the case management of patients with thyroid nodules.

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Case Report

Primary Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Breast: Cytologic Finding and Expression of MUC5 Are Different from Mucinous Carcinoma: Sung Eun Kim, Ji Hye Park, SoonWon Hong, Ja Seung Koo, Joon Jeong, Woo-Hee Jung; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):611-616. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.611

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Abstract PDF

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCA) in the breast is a rare neoplasm. There have been 13 cases of primary breast MCA reported. The MCA presents as a large, partially cystic mass in postmenopausal woman with a good prognosis. The microscopic findings resemble those of ovarian, pancreatic, or appendiceal MCA. The aspiration findings showed mucin-containing cell clusters in the background of mucin and necrotic material. The cell clusters had intracytoplasmic mucin displacing atypical nuclei to the periphery. Histologically, the tumor revealed an abundant mucin pool with small floating clusters of mucin-containing tumor cells. There were also small cysts lined by a single layer of tall columnar mucinous cells, resembling those of the uterine endocervix. The cancer cells were positive for mucin (MUC) 5 and negative for MUC2 and MUC6. This mucin profile is different from ordinary mucinous carcinoma and may be a unique characteristic of breast MCA.

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Original Articles

The Definition of Minimal Extrathyroid Extension in Thyroid Pathology by Analyzing Sizable Intra- and Extrathyroid Blood Vessels: Hyae Min Jeon, Beom Jin Lim, Hang-Seok Chang, SoonWon Hong; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):548-553. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.548

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Abstract PDF

Background

To define the exact boundary of the intrathyroid and extrathyroid aspects of a gland when determining the extent of cancer invasion, we plan to clarify the definition of sizable vascular structures, which is one of the helpful histologic clues in determining a minimal extrathyroid extension. We hypothesized that arterial wall thicknesses in extrathyroid soft tissue would be significantly different from the arteries in the thyroid parenchyma.

Methods

Twenty cases of papillary carcinoma were selected. The numbers and wall thicknesses of the arteries and arterioles in intrathyroid and extrathyroid tissue were evaluated. The absence of nerve tissue in the thyroid gland was confirmed using the S-100 protein immunohistochemical stain.

Results

The comparison of the mean thicknesses of the total arteries between the extrathyroid and intrathyroid tissues in the retrospective study (26.88 µm vs. 15.07 µm, respectively) and the prospective study (35.24 µm vs. 16.52 µm, respectively) revealed significant differences (p=0.000). The greatest thickness of the intrathyroid arteries was 67.93 µm.

Conclusions

According to our results, the study showed that the extrathyroidal arteries were significantly thicker than the intrathyroidal arteries. We suggest that the sizable blood vessels of extrathyroidal arteries should be greater than 67.93 µm in thickness.

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Eunjung Lee, Wonkyung Jung, Jeong-Soo Woo, Jae Bok Lee, Bong Kyung Shin, Han Kyeom Kim, Aeree Kim, Baek-hui Kim
Korean Journal of Pathology.2014; 48(2): 117. CrossRef

Galectin-3 Expression and BRAF Mutation in Cases of Cytologically Suspicious Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.: Dokyung Kim, Hyunki Kim, Jinyoung Kwak, Minju Kim, Hyung Jae Jung, Ja Seung Koo, Beom Jin Lim, Chankwon Jung, SoonWon Hong; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):191-198.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.191

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Fine needle aspiration, which is known as the most accurate and cost-effective method for diagnosis of thyroid nodule, still may result in indeterminate cases that are pauci-cellular and show minor nuclear atypia, but most cases are associated with suspicion of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) mutation was found in about half of PTCs and galectin-3 was expressed by malignant tumors, helping us to differentiate malignancies from benign lesions.
METHODS
Cases studied included histologically 44 confirmed PTC cases and 18 benign cases previously diagnosed as suspicious of PTC using cytologic examination. Cases were analyzed for galectin-3 expression by immunohistochemical staining and BRAF mutation by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with a new restriction enzyme.
RESULTS
All 44 cases of PTC and 8 of 18 benign controls expressed galectin-3. BRAF mutations were found in only 9 of the 44 PTC cases. Assessment of galectin-3 expression demonstrated high sensitivity but low specificity. Evaluation of BRAF mutation revealed high specificity and low sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the combined application of these two methods for PTC of suspicious cytology is complementary.

Cytologic Features of Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Carcinoma: Cytohistopathologic Analysis of 16 Cases.: Ja Seung Koo, Woohee Jung, Soonwon Hong, Hyunee Yim; Korean J Pathol. 2009;43(6):557-561.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2009.43.6.557

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The exact preoperative diagnosis of diffuse sclerosing papillary carcinoma (DSPC) is required for aggressive surgical treatment due to its extended involvement with thyroid and neck lymph nodes. The present study investigated the cytomorphologic characteristics of DSPC and identified cytologic features for preoperative diagnosis of DSPC. METHODS: A retrospective review of cytologic and histologic features of 16 patients diagnosed with DSPC after thyroidectomy and underwent preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed.
RESULTS
Prominent psammoma bodies were observed in 16 (100%) and 10 (62.5%) cases of histology and FNAC, respectively. Lymphocytes were observed in nine (56.2%) and four (25.0%) cases, and squamous cells were noted in seven cases (43.7%) and one case (6.2%) on histology and FNAC, respectively. Nuclear grooves and inclusions, which are characteristics of papillary carcinoma, were observed in FNAC and histology slides in all 16 cases. CONCLUSIONS: DSPC displays prominent psammoma bodies and characteristic nuclear features of papillary carcinoma such as nuclear groove and inclusion in FNAC. However, the preoperative diagnosis of DSPC using only FNAC could be difficult due to the absence of other characteristic features such as lymphocytes and metaplastic squamous cells.

Correlation and Accuracy Between Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Thyroid Lesions and Histopathologic Diagnosis: Analysis of 322 Histopathologically Confirmed Cases.: Jaseung Koo, Woo Hee Jung, Seokwoo Yang, SoonWon Hong; Korean J Cytopathol. 2008;19(2):144-151.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3338/kjc.2008.19.2.144

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Abstract PDF

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is the decisive test in the preoperative diagnostics of thyroid nodules. Here we share our institutional experience about thyroid aspiration and give suggestions for suspicious cytology results. Three hundred twenty-two cases in 270 patients (mean age 47.4 years, 243 women and 27 men) who underwent thyroidectomy were reviewed. Among the 322 cases, the FNA diagnosis of "positive for malignancy" was 87 cases (27.0%), "suggestive of malignancy" 30 cases (9.3%), "suspicious for malignancy" 61 cases (18.9%), "negative for malignancy" 102 cases (31.7%), and "unsatisfactory smear" 42 cases (13.0%). Eighty seven cases (100%) out of "positive for malignancy", 29 cases (96.7%) out of "suggestive of malignancy", and 39 cases (64.0%) out of "suspicious for malignancy" were papillary carcinoma (148 cases, 95.5%), or follicular carcinoma (2 cases, 1.3%), or metastatic carcinoma (1 case, 0.6%). Seventeen patients who had only negative or unsatisfactory cytology underwent thyroidectomy and nine cases (52.9%) were papillary carcinoma. We suggest that: the cytology diagnosis of "suggestive of malignancy" could be regarded as "positive for malignancy", the cytology diagnosis of "suspicious of malignancy" should be carefully correlated with clinico-radiologic manifestation, and even a negative or unsatisfactory smear should be carefully followed up.

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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Thyroid Follicular Neoplasm: Cytohistologic Correlation and Accuracy
Changyoung Yoo, Hyun Joo Choi, Soyoung Im, Ji Han Jung, Kiouk Min, Chang Suk Kang, Young-Jin Suh
Korean Journal of Pathology.2013; 47(1): 61. CrossRef

Case Report

Macrofollicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Extensive Hemorrhage.: Haeryoung Kim, SoonWon Hong, Kwang Gil Lee, Eun Kyung Kim, Cheong Soo Park, Woung Youn Chung, Woo Ick Yang; Korean J Cytopathol. 2004;15(1):60-64.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (MVPC) is characterized by macrofollicles occupying more than half of the tumor and demonstrating nuclear features of classic papillary carcinoma. It is difficult to recognize on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology due to the paucity of aspirated neoplastic cell clusters, especially when the tumor is associated with extensive areas of hemorrhage.
CASE
A 34-year-old female presented with a well-demarcated nodule in the thyroid gland, diagnosed as a benign nodule on ultrasonography and computed tomography. FNA cytology smear revealed a few small aggregates of follicular cells with morphological features suspicious for papillary carcinoma, set in a background of hemorrhage, inflammatory cells, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Intraoperative frozen section revealed macrofollicular nests filled with hemorrhage and composed of follicular cells demonstrating nuclear clearing and grooves.
CONCLUSION
MVPC is a rare but distinctive variant of papillary carcinoma, which is easily mistaken for adenomatous goiter or benign macrofollicular neoplasm on radiologic findings. The cytopathologist should alert oneself on encountering benign radiologic findings and any smear composed of scant numbers of follicular cells with nuclear features suspicious for papillary carcinoma despite the bland-looking background of hemorrhage and hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and recommend intraoperative frozen sections for a definite diagnosis.

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